Literature Review

Literature Review

Literature Review Summary: Impact of Covid 19 on Nurses and Healthcare Systems in Florida

PICOT: For patients at high risk of COVID-19 infection (P), does continuous education via virtual communication, such as the use of telephones (I), reduce the risk of infection (O)compared to patients who do not receive continuous education (C) over a 6 weeks period (T)?

The COVID-19 virus is a mutating virus that has revealed numerous loopholes in the healthcare system. Persons who are vulnerable to infection have died in the hundreds of thousands in the US and across the globe. Although vaccines are now being administered, there is still uncertainty on whether the mutating nature of the virus will render the exercise to futility. Additionally, the current aversion to vaccination against the virus poses a serious risk to the general populace as the government attempts to reach vaccination numbers that will guarantee herd immunity. There is also the issue of infection rates of hospital staff which though currently being mitigated through the vaccination program, is still at its infancy as nurses have to be safeguarded. The availability of PPEs remains a challenge that puts staff at risk of infection. Furthermore, nurses are working around the clock to cater to patients at the ED and ICU, which in turn pressures them to the point of burnout. Hospital Acquired Infections of patients reporting other unrelated illnesses only go to increase the number of infected persons and consequently put a strain on the hospital resources. To reduce the infection rates among vulnerable patients, hospitals will need to keep these populations from the healthcare center to avoid getting infected. This paper will discuss the literature review in the table from the previous section of this paper.

A comparison of research questions

The study by Leafman and Matheison (2018) sought to understand if people from high and low socioeconomic status have diverse problem situation perceptions. The research explored the potential benefits of telemedicine for patient education (TPE) and applying the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework in examining perceptions of TPE among patients diagnosed with chronic or rare conditions. Rush et al. (2018) looked at the comparison of virtual education delivery efficacy on patient outcomes in comparison to usual care. Conteras et al. (2020) summarized the current telemedicine environment and highlighted the necessary changes triggered by COVID-19 as well as show how the current crisis can be used to inform future use of telemedicine. On the other hand, Thomas et al. (2020) highlighted the five important telehealth requirements for long-term sustainability. Triana et al. (2020)

determined the impact of technology literacy and accessing telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic, while Rosen et al. (2017) assessed adherence to and effectiveness of a telehealth protocol. The protocol was designed to prevent CHF hospital admissions. Tchero et al. (2019) analyzed to see whether diabetes management can be positively affected by telemedicine. Kolltveit et al. (2017) pointed out that there has been a slow uptake of telemedicine in foot ulcers in diabetic patients. The driving factors needed to be assessed.

A comparison of sample populations

The literature samples were diversified; in the study by Leafman and Matheison (2018), patients with chronic or rare diseases formed the sample size. Rush et al. (2018) used six high to moderate-quality studies sourced from EMBASE, CINAHL, and MEDLINE. Conteras et al. (2020), the authors compared the use of telemedicine before and during the pandemic as well as projected its use post the pandemic, while Triana et al. (2020) assessed physician and patient experience at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville. Rosen et al. (2017) sampled 50 patients with congestive heart failure with a mean age of 61 years from an MCO. Tchero (2019) looked at the studies that reported the outcomes of telemedicine in type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients from CENTRAL and PubMed. Kolveit et al. (2017) had healthcare professionals and leaders in Western Norway as the sample size.

A comparison of the limitations of the study

The key drawbacks mentioned were Leafman and Matheison’s (2018) assertion that their study’s limitations were imbalanced demographic characteristics because the majority of the participants were educated, White women from Canada and the US, who are not necessarily typical of patients who receive inadequate medical care. Kolltveit et al. (2018) noted that one of the limitations to their study could be the difficulty in gathering the participants to take part in a follow-up focus group interview.

Conclusion section, incorporating recommendations for further research

The general recommendations made from the literature review include a user-friendly with accurate information on the patient’s condition that will empower patients to ask better questions and which can improve compliance. Tested, virtual educational interventions will offer options to practitioners for chronically ill patients. Academic medical centers need to integrate telemedicine approaches into the trainee curriculum. The use of video platforms allowing multiple, simultaneous video streams for interaction between residents and patients under the live supervision of a teaching physician that is remotely located is recommended. Recommendation for implementation of the five steps when using telemedicine because when patients can better navigate their applications and web browsers, they are likely to feel empowered to message their physicians via the patient portal or go online to look up healthy recipes. Improved coverage in insurance and updated regulations should be made, which will improve access for patients by addressing issues related to health concerns, mobility, and distance. Licensure across state lines needs to be addressed as there remains a big question with the potential to impact access for many patients. Adherence to the telehealth protocol should be tested by using a more rigorous randomized design. Remote monitoring and consultation are best suited for older patients, as these subjects experience memory and cognitive decline. For success in using telemedicine, there should be effective communication channels at the organizational level; the support of committed and responsible leaders; having a telemedicine champion in the work setting; technology and training that were user-friendly.

References

Contreras, C. M., Metzger, G. A., Beane, J. D., Dedhia, P. H., Ejaz, A., & Pawlik, T. M. (2020). Telemedicine: patient-provider clinical engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 24, 1692-1697.

Kolltveit, B. C. H., Gjengedal, E., Graue, M., Iversen, M. M., Thorne, S., & Kirkevold, M. (2017). Conditions for success in introducing telemedicine in diabetes foot care: a qualitative inquiry. BMC nursing, 16(1), 1-10.

Leafman, J. S., & Mathieson, K. (2018). Perceptions of telemedicine for patient education among online support group patients with chronic or rare conditions. Cogent Medicine, 5(1), 1525148.

Rosen, D., McCall, J. D., & Primack, B. A. (2017). Telehealth protocol to prevent readmission among high-risk patients with congestive heart failure. The American journal of medicine, 130(11), 1326-1330.

Rush, K. L., Hatt, L., Janke, R., Burton, L., Ferrier, M., & Tetrault, M. (2018). The efficacy of telehealth delivered educational approaches for patients with chronic diseases: A systematic review. Patient education and counseling, 101(8), 1310-1321

Tchero, H., Kangambega, P., Briatte, C., Brunet-Houdard, S., Retali, G. R., & Rusch, E. (2019). Clinical effectiveness of telemedicine in diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of 42 randomized controlled trials. Telemedicine and e-Health, 25(7), 569-583.

Thomas, E. E., Haydon, H. M., Mehrotra, A., Caffery, L. J., Snoswell, C. L., Banbury, A., & Smith, A. C. (2020). Building on the momentum: Sustaining telehealth beyond COVID-19. Journal of telemedicine and telecare, 1357633X20960638.

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Literature Review

While the implementation plan prepares students to apply their research to the problem or issue they have identified for their capstone project change proposal, the literature review enables students to map out and move into the active planning and development stages of the project.

A literature review analyzes how current research supports the PICOT, as well as identifies what is known and what is not known in the evidence. Students will use the information from the earlier PICOT Question Paper and Literature Evaluation Table assignments to develop a 750-1,000 word review that includes the following sections:

• Title page
• Introduction section
• A comparison of research questions
• A comparison of sample populations
• A comparison of the limitations of the study
• A conclusion section incorporating recommendations for further research

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance.