Regulation In The U.S. Health Care System

1700s

Health care in the United States has evolved at an exponential rate over time. It also differs greatly from health care in other developed countries. The Civil War accelerated the advancement of medicine in the United States to where it is today. However, significant advances began as early as the late 1700s. President John Adams signed the Act that established the marine hospital service for the relief of sick and disabled seamen on July 16, 1798. This Act was extended to officers and members of the United States Navy on March 2, 1799. By May 3, 1802, foreign seamen were authorized to access on a reimbursable basis, and on May 3 of the following year, the first permanent Marine hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, was approved for construction. By 1807, Dr Benjamin Waterhouse had been appointed chief physician at the Marine Hospital in Boston. Medicine was extremely new and basic in the 1700s for the first few generations who arrived in the new world. There were very few physicians, and medicine was mostly left to women. Many diseases ravaged communities, with high mortality rates, particularly among children and infants. Traditional folk remedies were used to treat diseases such as malaria, diphtheria, smallpox, and yellow fever. There were no public health regulations or standards in place at the time. In 1735, the first medical society was established in Boston. The first general hospital in Philadelphia was not established until 1750.

1800s

By 1836, the National Library of Medicine, then known as “The Library of the Office of the Surgeon General of the Army,” had been established, and in 1865, John Shaw Billings, M.D., was assigned to supervise the Surgeon General’s Library. The National Library of Medicine, now located in Bethesda, Maryland, is the world’s largest biomedical library. When it first opened in 1836, the National Library of Medicine was just a small collection of medical books and journals. It moved three times before settling on its current location in Bethesda: Riggs Bank Building at 15th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue (1862-1866), Ford’s Theatre at 513 10th Street NW (1866-1887), and Army Medical Museum and Library Building at 7th Street and Independence Avenue SW (1887-1962). What began as a small bookshelf of medical texts has grown to include not only 50 miles of bookshelves protected by afoot-thick limestone walls but also texts that are available online. The NLM now collaborates with 20 countries and has expanded to educate consumers and health professionals all over the world (About the National Library of Medicine, n.d.). The Civil War was going on at the time, but disease killed more soldiers than war. During this time, there were still severe shortages of medical supplies and physicians. Childhood and other diseases and illnesses thrived in these conditions. However, as previously stated, the war did result in advances in medicine, such as care facilities, research, and techniques and methods for surgeries and nursing.

The federal government began funding public health initiatives in the mid-nineteenth century. States also began to pour money into public health, particularly after the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862. Following the war, the United States Army established the Hospital Corps in 1886. During the war, a large amount of statistical data was also collected, which was useful for advancement.

1900s

By the 1900s, disease studies began to emerge, the first of which was Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, which occurred in Montana. The name of the Marine Hospital Service was changed to the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service on July 1, 1902, after a bill was signed that established an advisory board for the Hygienic Laboratory. Later renamed the National Advisory Health Council, The Hygienic Laboratory relocated to a new 5-acre site at 25th and E Streets NW, Washington, D.C., in 1904, where Dr John F. Anderson was appointed director on October 1, 1909. President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) believed in the early 1900s that health care was important for public health because “no country could be strong if its people were sick and poor.” Griffin (Griffin, 2020). This positioned the president to advocate for more organized health care and public health. President Theodore Roosevelt, on the other hand, did not lead this revolution. The majority of these changes were implemented outside the United States government (Griffin, 2020).

The industrial revolution caused more workplace illnesses and injuries due to manufacturing jobs and the heavy machinery used during this time period in the 1900s (Griffin, 2020); this caused unions to grow stronger and have more requirements. The American Association of Labor Legislation (AALL), which was heavily involved in the proposal, would allow for sick leave, maternity leave, and even funds for funeral expenses (Griffin, 2020). Support for this bill was eventually withdrawn due to concerns about physicians failing to pay their dues.

1910s

Dr Rupert Blue was appointed Surgeon General of the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service in 1912, the same year the Marine Hospital Service has renamed the Public Health Service (PHS). This started the process of expanding research to include navigable stream pollution and information dissemination, as well as diseases other than communicable diseases in field investigations. By 1918, the Chamberlain-Kahn Act had been passed, allowing the study of venereal diseases, and the Public Health Service had made grants to 25 institutions, establishing a precedent for the Federal Government to seek scientific assistance through grants. The PHS established the reserve corps in October of the same year to deal with emergencies caused by the influenza pandemic. More surgeon general changes, such as the renaming of The Library of the Office of the Surgeon General (Army) to the Army Medical Library and the establishment of laboratories for the Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Special Cancer investigations, occurred by the 1920s.

Following the outbreak of World War I, the War Risk Insurance Act was enacted, which provided coverage for military servicemen in the event of death or injury. The Act was later amended to include the dependents of servicemen. The War Risk Insurance program ended the war in 1918, but survivors and their families continued to receive benefits.

The 1920s-1930s

The Narcotics Control Act was passed on January 19, 1929, establishing a PHS Narcotics Division and initiating plans to build two hospitals for drug addicts. Now we’ll look at the 1930s. The Hygienic Laboratory’s Advisory Board was renamed the National Advisory Health Council, and the Ransdell Act renamed the Hygienic Laboratory the National Institute of Health, allowing $750K for the construction of two buildings for NIH and establishing a fellowship system. Narcotics have now received increased attention, and on June 14, Public Law 357 established the Bureau of Narcotics in the Treasury Department, renaming the PHS Narcotics Division the Division of Mental Hygiene. This Act empowered the Surgeon General to conduct research into the causes, treatment, and prevention of nervous and mental diseases. A narcotic “farm” was established in Kentucky in 1935, and on August 10, a couple donated their 45-acre estate to the National Institute of Health in Bethesda, MD. Title VI of the Social Security Act was passed four days later, allowing a budget of two million dollars for health grants to states for “investigation of disease and sanitation problems.”

Following another change in surgeon general, The Rocky Mountain Laboratory joined the National Institute of Health in February and was assigned to the Division of Infectious Diseases. By 1937, cancer research had made a breakthrough; the National Cancer Institute Act was signed on July 23, 1937, and the National Advisory Cancer Council recommended approval of the first awards for cancer research fellowships the following year. The couple who previously donated their 45-acre estate made four additional land donations to the NIH, totalling 92 acres. This is where the current 306.4-acre reservation began.

With the 1930s came the Great Depression, and healthcare became a major concern, particularly for the elderly and unemployed. President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) started working on a bill for the elderly during this time because he knew it would quickly become a problem, despite the fact that Blue Cross/Blue Shield was becoming more widespread (Griffin, 2020).

1940s

The NIH was given bureau status in the PHS on November 11, 1943. On July 3, 1946, the National Mental Health Act was passed. The following year, a new surgeon general was appointed, and the National Heart Act was signed, renaming the National Institute of Health the National Institutes of Health and establishing the National Heart Institute.

By 1948, dental research was well established and making progress. On June 24, the National Dental Research Act was passed, establishing the National Institute of Dental Research. During this time, World War II had begun following the attack on Pearl Harbor, and as this became the focus, pressure on the health insurance front temporarily abated. However, this resulted in a freeze in inflation, limiting wage increases. This prompted employers to look for other ways to attract employees. Employer-provided health insurance, as we know it today, began here (Griffin, 2020).

The 1940s to the present

The steps taken by the government, bills, unions, and advancements in the expansion and access to medical information have brought us to this point. Many more critical steps have been taken since then to bring our country up to speed. Such as NHE increases and the implementation of COBRA in the 1980s, HIPAA and Medicaid expansion in the 1990s, the expansion of health care access to Americans in the 2000s, and, finally, the Affordable Care Act and the preexisting condition clause, which may have been one of the most important insurance access clauses in history.

Conclusion

We would not have the access or coverage that we do today without the timeline of our expanding knowledge and organized health care. Since the 1700s, we have come a long way, and we continue to make advances and provide health care to an increasing number of people each year.

Resources

About the National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). National Library of Medicine. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/about/index.htmlGriffin, J. (2020). The History of Medicine and Organized Healthcare in America. JP Griffin Group. https://www.griffinbenefits.com/blog/history-of-healthcare

ORDER A PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPER HERE

We’ll write everything from scratch

Question

HISTORICAL HEALTHCARE TREND ANALYSIS

Introduction

The private and public health systems work in tandem to reduce the burden of disease. The line between public and private health has gotten very thin, as we have seen with the many private–public health partnerships. Programs such as Vaccines for Children (VFC) and Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), health care quality initiatives, and Healthy People (1990–2030) have evolved from collaboration. All of these private–public health programs and initiatives, in addition to the significant advancements in medical education, research, and technologies, have led to one of the most highly regulated industries in the United States and the world today.

Regulation In The U.S. Health Care System

In this assignment, you will review the private and public health legislation, regulatory agencies, and quality initiatives that have catapulted the United States into the quality revolution that we are experiencing today. As this quality revolution continues, healthcare professionals can expect to see more innovations contributing to individual and population health, as well as more regulations.

Scenario

You are a healthcare educator for a large, integrated, accountable care organization (ACO). You are tasked to work with a group of hospital executives to identify milestone events for three eras, the 1800s, 1900s, and 2000s, and identify trends from those events that impacted the healthcare industry. The trend analysis will consist of three critical measures: access, quality, and costs. Milestone events and trends identified for these three measures over time should include legislation, regulatory agencies, and quality initiatives in the various time periods. The final paper will be used in an annual strategic planning session attended by the ACO and hospital executives to demonstrate how the quality movement has evolved into a quality revolution.

Instructions

Using the Historical Health Care Trend Analysis Template [DOCX], write a 2–3 page paper in which you explain and analyze health care regulations and medical practice evolutionary changes for access, quality, and cost, including the significant milestone events from different time periods. In addition, complete the Trend Analysis Table: Evolution of Access, Quality, and Cost in Health Care in the appendix of the assignment template.

Complete the following:

Study the Health Care Quality Evolution Milestone Events Chart [DOCX] to review the key regulatory or quality initiative events relative to the 1800s, the 1900s, and the 2000s.
Use your textbook and at least two other resources included in What You Need to Know for this week or resources you find on your own to fill in the Trend Analysis Table: Evolution of Access, Quality, and Cost in Health Care table in the appendix of the assignment template. Use the History of Health Care Research tab in the Health Care Administration Undergraduate Library Research Guide to guide your research process.
- You are required to reference a total of three scholarly sources in your paper.
- Be sure to cite these references within the body of your paper correctly using APA-style citations. Refer to Evidence and APA in the Capella Writing Center for help with using the APA style.
Complete the Trend Analysis Table: Evolution of Access, Quality, and Cost in Health Care table in the appendix for the assignment template.
- For each time period, select 2 milestone events or regulations from the Health Care Quality Evolution Milestone Events Chart [DOCX] that have affected each topic: access to health care, quality of health care, and cost of health care.
- There should be a total of 18 milestone events or regulations in the completed table.
- Include bullet points with notes that describe each event or regulation and how it impacted access, quality, or cost.
Write an introduction for the paper.
- Provide a brief explanation of the purpose of this historical trend analysis and how it might be used in your work as a health administrator (1 paragraph).
- Where appropriate, reference significant healthcare milestones, regulations, and measures for access, quality, and cost.
Use the Trend Analysis Table: Evolution of Access, Quality, and Cost in Health Care table to write the body of your paper.
- Complete the Trends and Regulations section in the assignment template.
  - Provide a brief description of the key measures of health care services, which are access, quality, and cost (1–2 paragraphs).
  - In the Health Care Access subsection, explain the significant trends and regulatory milestones associated with access to health care over the recent eras (1–2 paragraphs).
    - What U.S. legislation, regulatory agencies, and quality initiatives from the 1800s, 1900s, and 2000s have influenced access to healthcare services in the United States?
    - What does your milestone trend analysis reveal for access to care?
    - Include citations and references to specific regulations, events, or agencies.
  - In the Health Care Quality subsection, explain the significant trends and regulatory milestones associated with health care quality over the recent eras (1–2 paragraphs).
    - What U.S. legislation, regulatory agencies, and quality initiatives from the 1800s, 1900s, and 2000s have influenced care quality in healthcare services in the United States?
    - What does your trend analysis reveal for care quality?
    - Include citations and references to specific regulations, events, or agencies.
  - In the Health Care Cost subsection, explain the significant trends and regulatory milestones associated with access to health care costs over the recent eras (1–2 paragraphs).
    - What U.S. legislation, regulatory agencies, and quality initiatives from the 1800s, 1900s, and 2000s have affected healthcare costs for medical services?
    - What does your trend analysis reveal for medical service costs?
    - Include citations and references to specific regulations, events, or agencies.
- Complete the Trend Analysis section of the assignment template (1–2 paragraphs).
  - Analyze the trends and regulations in healthcare access, quality, and cost to draw conclusions about the evolution of healthcare regulations and practices throughout recent eras.
  - Describe professional experiences or examples to illustrate the trends.
  - Include citations and references to specific regulations, events, or agencies.
Write the conclusion for the paper (1 paragraph).
- Briefly restate the trends revealed for healthcare access, quality, and cost.
- Draw a conclusion about how the milestones, regulations, and changes have improved, been neutral, or inhibited the progress of the U.S. healthcare system.
- Summarize clear and concise conclusions of your trend analysis.

Additional Requirements

Your paper should be 2–3 pages, in addition to the title page, appendix, and references page.
Double-space your paper, and use Times New Roman, 12-point font, as indicated in the assignment template.
Use a minimum of three resources, including your textbook and other course resources.
Complete all parts of the assignment template using the headings provided in the template.
Support all points with credible evidence in the form of APA citations.
Include a references page in APA format with appropriate citations.
Complete the Trend Analysis Table: Evolution of Access, Quality, and Cost in Health Care in the appendix of the assignment template.

Regulation In The U.S. Health Care System