Biology Lab Report

Biology Lab Report

Enzyme Function

Introduction

Enzymes catalyze reactions, increasing the rate of product formation. Enzymes act on substrates during reactions. The relationship between enzymes and substrates is dependent on a couple of factors. Parameters that regulate enzyme function include temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and substrate specificity. During the experiment, temperature parameters were 4˚C, 99.5˚C, and 22˚C. pH was established using 2 and 4 drops of 2M  HCl; enzyme used was hexokinase, introduced using 2.5ml, 5ml, and 10ml of yeast, substrate concentration was introduced using 5%, 10%, 20% glucose, and substrate specificity were introduced using 10% glucose, 10% sucrose, 10% starch. All these parameters helped determine enzyme function.

Methods

The first part of the experiment involved testing the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. In the first setup, 5 ml of yeast was added to 20 ml of 10% of glucose at 4˚C, and enzyme activity was observed at this temperature. In the second set up, the procedure was repeated at 22˚C, and enzyme activity was observed. In the third setup, the process was repeated at 99.5, ˚C and enzyme activity was observed.

The second part of the experiment involved testing the relationship of enzyme activity with pH. In the first setup, 2 drops of HCl were added to a 25ml cylinder containing 20 ml of room-temperature 10% glucose and 5 ml of yeast, and enzyme activity was monitored. In the second setup, the procedure was repeated with 4 drops of HCl, and enzyme activity was observed. The third setup procedure was repeated without the addition of HCl, and enzyme activity was monitored.

The third part of the experiment involved testing the effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme activity. In the first setup, 2.5 ml of yeast was added to 20 ml of room-temperature 10% glucose, and enzyme activity was observed. In the second setup, 5 ml of yeast was added to 20 ml of room temperature with 10% glucose, and enzyme activity was observed. In the third setup, 10 ml of yeast was added to 20 ml of room-temperature 10% glucose, and enzyme activity was monitored.

The fourth part of the experiment involved testing the relationship between substrate concentration and enzyme activity. In the first setup, 5 ml of yeast was added to 20 ml of room-temperature 5% glucose, and enzyme action was observed. In the second setup, the procedure was repeated with 20ml of room-temperature 10% glucose, and enzyme activity was observed. The process was repeated with 20 ml of room-temperature 20% glucose in the third setup, and enzyme activity was observed.

The fifth part of the experiment involved testing the effect of substrate specificity on enzyme activity. In the first setup, 5 ml of yeast suspension was added to 20 ml of room-temperature 10% glucose, and enzyme activity was observed. In the second setup, the procedure was repeated with 20ml of room-temperature 10% sucrose, and enzyme action was observed. In the third setup, 5 ml of yeast suspension was added to 20 ml of room-temperature 10% starch, and enzyme activity was monitored.

Results

Time (min)	Volume of “air pocket”(ml)	Cumulative volume of C02 produced(ml)	Volume of “air pocket”(ml)	Cumulative volume of C02 produced(ml)	Volume of “air pocket”(ml)	Cumulative volume of C02 produced(ml)
0	0.5 ml	0	1 ml	0	1.2 ml	0
15	0.8 ml	0.3	1.2 ml	0.2	1.5 ml	0.3
30	1.1 ml	0.6	1.7 ml	0.7	2 ml	0.8
45	1.4 ml	0.9	1.9 ml	0.9	2.4 ml	1.2
60	1.8 ml	1.3	2.8 ml	1.8	3.0 ml	1.8
75	2.3 ml	1.8	3.3 ml	2.3	3.7 ml	2.5

Discussion

The objectives of the experiment were met. The effect of different factors on enzyme activity was established. Enzyme activity is best at different optimal conditions. The yeast fermentation process was understood during the experiment.

The effect of temperature on enzyme activity was vivid in that enzyme activity sped up with an increase in temperature. Low temperature slowed down enzyme activity. However, extremely high temperatures denature enzymes and stop enzyme activity.

The effect of pH on enzyme activity was also observed. Enzyme activity increased at 8 pH and decreased at a pH of 7., Which shows that pH affects enzyme activity.

The effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme activity was also established. There was an increase in enzyme activity with an increase in enzyme concentration. However, once all the substrate was bound, enzyme activity was reduced.

The effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity was proven. Enzyme activity increased with an increase in substrate concentration. However, once all enzymes were bound to substrates, enzyme activity decreased.

The effect of substrate specificity was also determined. Enzymes react with a couple of substrates and not just one specific substrate. The objectives were met, and enzyme function was made clear.

Conclusion

The experiment’s objectives were met, and the effects of different factors on enzyme activity were made clear. The experiment was able to describe the process of fermentation.

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Biology Lab Report

Write your report based on the instructions on the last page of the Enzyme Function lab in your lab manual. You will be using the graphs you critiqued as your only source of data. The figures are numbered, and you must discuss them all in numerical order. Do not change the figure numbers! If you do something other than that, you will not receive credit for the written portion of the report.

Look for general trends. DO NOT say, “First it was x mL, then it was xx mL and then it was xxx mL.” The saying goes, you can’t see the forest for the trees. Those individual numbers are the trees. You need to help your reader see the forest (the whole picture).

If, in addition to the required parts of the report, you would like to comment on how your personal results did or did not resemble those of others who did the same part of the experiment, that is fine. Don’t talk about yourself. Just assign a figure number to your graph and talk about it impersonally.

Your lab report is due one week after you complete your lab. Final Enzyme Function report submission

If the submission link does not open an assignment dropbox, it means that you have not yet enrolled in a group (above). Please do so.