Career Counseling Across The Lifespan
The history of career counseling is rich and full of dedicated visionaries. Career theories and the path to developmental and vocational guidance were shared visions in the roots of social work and psychology, allowing career counseling to prevail and influence today’s vocational field.
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In today’s ever-changing world, we have seen an increase in career counseling practices and how it is used to help clients choose an occupation compatible with them at various stages of their lives. Comprehensive life career counseling is used to assist individuals who are entering the workforce or returning after a period of absence, have lost their job, have decided it is time to change carers, or are experiencing general changes in career development throughout their lifespan. In this paper, we will look at how a career counselor can help clients from various backgrounds fulfill their needs over a lifetime, as well as any needs or challenges the individual may face during the transition period and the impact higher education may have on career counseling.
Practices in Vocational Guidance and Career Counseling
Early in life, vocational guidance and career counseling practices focus on advancing life design and career development in Adolescence by examining developmental tasks and task completion success (Maree, 2018). Career counseling should begin here to help individuals learn how to navigate change and transitions while empowering them along the way, as this will lay the groundwork for later in life when individuals face occupational changes and transitions (Maree, 2018). Counselors, according to Pelia-Shuster, should help adolescents identify opportunities and learn how to facilitate the mitigation and deconstruction of oppressive powers and messaging at this stage because these are things that adolescents are subconsciously taking in now and will affect their future career choices and the way they look at career opportunities (Pelia- Shuster, 2017; via Maree, 2018).
During adulthood, Magnusson proposes that career counseling should focus on assisting clients in achieving greater independence and assisting those dealing with uncertainty about their futures by incorporating self-concepts, personal, adaptable city, and meaning-making into traditional career counseling practices (Magnusson, 1995). In this stage, traditional base practices include initiation (establishing a career counseling relationship, determining motivation, and building planning relevance), exploration (implementing vision while also considering personal context and meaning), decision-making (selecting appropriate options and strategies and learning self-confirmation), preparation (planning out a concrete list of goa s and how to achieve them, i.e… prerequisites), and implementation (Magnusson, 1995). He also claims that individuals must be prepared for a change in the workplace and understand how to properly navigate both changing landscapes within their chosen career paths and changing paths entirely (Magnusson, 1995).
The emphasis shift when it comes to career and vocational pracpeople’s demographics, such as older adults. This is due to the changing nature of these people’s needs. While common themes persist across the lifespan (such as tra positions and job loss), there are also new aspects to consider, such as retirement. While in adulthood, vocational wellness refers to job satisfaction, in this stage of life, career counseling can still address this through (and beyond) retirement, where a counselor would walk with individuals through finding new life callings or meaning in life r ways of maintaining previous life callings/meaning in appropriate ways (Gowen, 2018). This can be accomplished through volunteering, advocacy, new hobbies, new life roles, etc. At this point, career counseling focuses on assisting individuals in maintaining a sense of being helpful, competent, and having a purpose in life despite no longer being in a traditoday’scpopulation’son (Gowem, 2018).
Changes in Population Development
To keep up with today’s population person’s-changing world, the career counseling field has had to evolve. This includes a person’s maturity, field interests, language, social background, school capabilities, family commitments, and cultural background. Because of their individual and unique circumstances, it is critical to provide information and resources to people at various levels (Pelling, 2002). One can see distinct factors that can play a role in the choices and a variety of backgrounds that can influence a person to choose a particular fieltoday’so the evolving need to meet the requirements of each population at that time.
In today’s world, it is clear that technology impacts how the career counselor must be diverse when dealing with the ever-changing world of technology-related jobs, the quality actions required to obtain them, and the impact of one’s effect on the working environment. Specific skills are taught at different times in one’s life, which is an essential factor to consider. For example, someone from an older generation may lack knowledge or familiarity with the most recent programs compared to someone just finishing high school. With this in mind, one can say that the older generation may have people skills and experience but lacks the technical skills to move forward. As a result, a career counselor must not only be able to counsel a diverse group of clients without prejudice, but they must also be technologically savvy to understantoday’sareer development, job hunting factors, and employment difficulties that exist in today’s world (Pelling, 2002).
Adults in Career Transitions
People with Disabilities Resources
People with disabilities have a higher unemployment rate (Duggar, 2016) due to difficulties entering the labor force; some may even face additional cultural or educational challenges. Counselors in the Community are aware of the obstacles that must be overcome and the performance requirements that those with disabilities must meet. Numerous programs and agencies are available for disabled clients, including various community programs and agencies designed to assist people with disabilities.
Community programs focus n completing tasks required by the employer; can they complete the task? The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 requires employers to make reasonable accommodations to allow employees with disabilities to perform all essential jobs you’re (Duggar, 2016).
Adult Development
Career transitions can be stressful, whether you’re changing careers in your forties or as a recent college graduate; whatever the case, the transition is natural. Some of the resources, options, or programs available in the commclient’stting; or focused on with a career counselor are as follows: a) assessing your /client’s interest and skills, b) seeking support, c) career possibilities, d) getting involved-volunteering your time, and e) return ning to school. Adjusting to a new schedule after returning to school can be stressful. Another way to find work is to network; online websites, such as LinkedIn, can be helpful during the transition. LinkedIn, for example, is a tremendous network king site that can help people connect with companies and individuals in the workforce. Einstein is uploading up to get together with. Other resources include a) skill sets, b) resumes, c) classes, d) networking, and e) search engines (Monster or Indeed). Dress for Success, Families and Work Institute (FWI), Glass Hammer, and Women for Hire are just a few online resources for career transition.
The Advantages of Career Counseling Programs
College students often change their significance multiple times while pursuing a degree because they do not know what they want to go to school for or what they want to be ‘when they grow up.’ They begin doing something and discover that it is not what they expected or that they are no longer interested in it. Familial pressure may have pushed them down the academic path they began, only to discover later that they would instead do something they are passionate bout but are unsure what that is. That is where Career Guidance Programs come in handy. It attracts students who are young enough to avoid wasting time earning degrees that will be useless or, worse, dropping out due to a lack of commitment or interest. Career Guidance programs offer career counseling, a service that assists students who need assistance choosing a career. The student should be able to select a career, achieve certainty about their chosen career path, self-understanding, strategies for adjusting in the work role and coordinating the balance between work and life, and have increased balanced mental health due to career counseling. Career counseling programs benefit both students and the university. It is advantageous to students because it assists them in career planning and setting personal goals for the future. It also assists them in understanding career choices and study paths and identifying their strengths for when competition arises. It benuniversity’siversity because it increases graduate employment rates, which improves the university’s reputation (Sun & Yuen, 2012), and it can also help maintain higher graduation rateuniversity’sts are more satisfied with their primary choice), which also helps maintain university congestion.
Conclusion
Overall, career and vocational counseling is necessary throughout life, not just when actively working or looking for work. Career counselors seek to assist individuals in navigating ever-changing career and societal landscapes while considering various factors such as social, economic, cultural, individual interests and capabilities, and transitions; a particular emphasis is also placed on assisting those with disabilities in finding job satisfaction and assistance. Career guidance programs at colleges and universities have also been shown to be beneficial in helping students plan out and discover majors that resonate with them; however, these programs frequently help students plan out their careers outside of the university setting and prepare them to enter the workforce. Finally, career and vocational counseling begins in childhood with our understanding of jobs and learning early skills that will aid in later adaptability, continues through our paths into the workforce, and even extends past retirement in assisting individuals to still find meaning and satisfaction in life.
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References
Dugger, S. M. (2015). For donations of career counseling: A case-based approach. Pearson Education.
Gowen, N. (2018). Vocational Wellness in Older Adulthood: Research and Practice. Retrieve d from https //www.ncda.org/aws/NCDA/pt/sd/news_article/180133/_PARENT/CC_layo ut_details/false.
Magnusson, K. (1995). F ve Processes of Career Planning. ERIC Digest. Retrieved from httpeople’s.counseling.org/resources/library/eric%20digests/95-065.pdf
Maree, J. G. (2018). Perspective: promoting career development in the early years of people’s lives through se f- and career construction counseling to promote their career resilience and adaptability. DOI: 10.1080/03004430.2018.1438748
Pelling, N. (2002). The Use of Technology in Career Counseling. Journal of Technology in Counseling. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/journ l/1527- 6228_Journal_of_Technology_in_Counseling
Sun, V., & Yuen, M. (2012, September). Career Guidance and Counseling for University Students in Chin. Retrieved November 29, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articlWe’llC3400752/
Ventures, R (2020). Learn How to Become, Career Transitioning. Retrieved from www.learnhowtobecome.org
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Question 
For this discussion, synthesize your understanding of career counseling as an integral part of human development. From your specialization’s perspective, how do the developmental lifespan perspective influence career and educational planning, placement t, and Evaluation? Discuss the influence of career counseling when working with children (elementary school), adolescents (secondary), and older adults. Identify models appropriate for children and adolescents in the school setting, including identity models such as Erik Erickson.
Career Counseling Across The Lifespan
Response Guidelines
Respond to at least two of your peers, come ting with the effectiveness with which your peer addressed each developmental stage, and identify the needs of elementary, secondary, and older adults. The response needs to include at least one reference.
First peer posting
Career Counseling as an Integral Part of Human Dev pment
Career development is not a one-time event but a process that occurs across the lifespan and is an integral part of human development. Fuclient’she counseling that may be offered to support career developm must also be offered from a lifespan perspective, with counselors supporting a client’s unique needs at the various stages of their life and career. Zunker (2016) also points out that c n ng cultural and environmental systems can affect human development, and best practice involves case conceptualization from a holistic rs ctive. Humans are actively growing and changing throughout their lives, and their vocational interests, goals, and preferences are no exception. Career counseling is a dynamic and lifelong process that evolves with each client throughout their life.
The Developmental Lifespan Model Influence on Career and Educational Planning, P cement, and Evaluation
From a mental health counseling perspective, the developmental lifespan model of career planning clients Luen al. Mental health counselors will need to be prepared to address all phases of career counseling in phases or stages of a client’s life. Career and education planning begins in early childhood and continues throughout life. Mental health counselors will need to be aware of he fou ational career needs of the children they serve, and be prepared to focus on improved social skills, industry, and communication skills. When working with adolescents, mental health counselors also need to be aware of the imp tance o developing quality relationships outside of their family and how these interpersonal skills will benefit them later in the workforce. Also, mental health counselors must understand life stages when selecting assessment tools, conducting evaluations, and placing individuals in jobs.
The Influence of Career Counseling When Working With Children, Adolescents, and Older Adults
Career counseling can easily be integrated d into w k with children by focusing on the foundational skills necessary for a successful education and vocational and social experiences. Some of the foundational skills that counselors can focus on wit children clude prosocial skills, positive work habits, diversity skills, pleasing personality traits, and entrepreneurship (Gysbers, 2013). Counseling work with adolescents can be n to focus n planning, goal setting, and decision-making skills, along with a focus on curricula that supports a possible career direction. Interestingly, Newman and Newman (2012) highlight the concept career mat ity, which suggests postponing career decisions until an adolescent or young adult matures and gains valuable life experience. Career c nseling with dults in the new workforce places more emphasis on career development than remaining at a particular company (Zunker, 2016). Retirement couns ing should al be highlighted as individuals move to transition from the world of work to increased volunteer and leisure opportunities. Finally, more retired individuals are returning to work part-time to supplement their retirement income, and mayErickson’sounseling to make this change.
Appropriate Career Counseling Models for Children and Adolescents, Including Erik Erickson’s Model
Stage heorists such Erik Erickson conceptualize career counseling from the developmental life stage that a particular client is navigating. Between the ages of 6 to 11, for example, children are actively earning a varie of social, academic, and work-related skills that will create a foundation for later more complex career development. The stage of develo ent is also associated with achieving self-efficacy and understanding the importance of product variety. Adolescents re actively working on the developmental task of achieving a group and individual identity and avoiding isolation. Adolescents work hard t expand their socia circles and distance themselves from theiErickson’sin an effort to achieve independence (Newman & Newman, 2012). An overarching principle associated with Erickson’s stage model is that children or adolescents who can successfully achieve their developmental tasks may require exceptional support later in life (Zunker, 2016). Career counseling from this stage model would consider this developmental information as the foundation from which to creatSuper’sprehensive career planKrumboltz’seer counseling models appropriate for children and descents include Super’s self-concept theory, Krumboltz’s learning theory, and cognitive development theory. Super’s self-concept theory may be applied because elemeSuper’school students are busy forming their identity or se Krumboltz’srough their childhood relationships (Zunker, 2016). Krumboltz’s learning theory looks at how children and adolescents uti ze observation to learn Piaget’shings and can adapt their behavior based on this observation (Zunker, 2016). Piaget’s cognitive development theory is also a stage theory in that it views children’s knowledge acquisition as developing in specific steps or levels through their environmental engagement.
Ref ranches
Gysbers, N. C. (2013). Career-ready students: A goal of comprehensive school counseling programs. Career Development t Quarterly, 61(3), 283-28. doi:10.1002/j.2161-00 5.2013.00057.x
Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2012). Development through life: A psychosocial approach. Belmont CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning g.
Zunker, V. G. (2016). Career counseling: A holistic approach (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Le” ring. ISBN 9781305087286.
People see posting
Newman & Newman (2012) stated that career identities are “a well-integrated part of [people’s] p”personal identities rather than as activities from which they are alienated or by which they are dominated (p. 412). Career counseling across the lifespan has implications in all fields of counseling practices. Regarding mental health counseling, career counseling becomes an integrated conversation about the wants, needs, & desires a person has to have a satisfied existence.
Devel mental Lifespan from an MH Perspective
Zunker (2016) stated that early life experiences influence later life decisions. As it applies to career counseling, this is the core and foundation for how young children begin to view the world and all it has to offer. For example, children with parental figures who exhibit a hard work ethic will likely influence their young children, especially if it is reinforced with at-home activities (e.g., chores). These experiences and the child’s experiences will likely shape a child’s decision. From an MH perspective, because the child’s feErikson’sout these practices significantly challenge or confirm their beliefs, it will affect their behaviors.
Erik on’s Psychosocial Devel Mental MoErikson’strates the challenges that people fFreud’sdifferent stages of their life development. What made Erikson’s model muchindividual’sing (versus Freud’s Psychosexual Theory) is that it included po arities that challenged each individual’s relationship to their culture, family, and life environment (Syed andErikson’s2015). So as it is applied to career counseling in the cases of young children and adolescents, Erikson’s developmental model provides a theoretical explanation for the decisions and choices one makes at certain times of their life.
Branje, Lieshout, & Gerris (2007) studied personality development across Adolescence and adulthood to see if the Big Five personality factors (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience) changed as individuals aged and gained experience. Their research suggested that males have fewer changes than females, but both sexes showed increasing signs of maturity and adaptation as they aged. Their study showed that personal y continued to develop during middle adulthood, potentially because of the delegation of one’s responsibilities (i.e., parenthood). As it is applied to career counseling, the changing course of one’s career can profoundly impact “n their li”livelihood and Maslow’ss that ()directly affect how one views their future.
Thoughts from the “Other Side”
Based upon Maslow’s (1943) Hierarchy of Needs, there exist several innate physiological needs during infancy: food, water, shelter, sleep, air (breathing) excretion, and sensory satisfaction (e.g., touch, taste, hear, feel, and smell; Daniels, 1992; Ma lowparent’sand Seeley, 992). The early, formative years allow the child to experience the world with their parent’s permission. Fast forward to adulthood, and these exact basic needs are still required; however, they have evolved into something much more complex. When integrated with work life, it is unsurprising that these exact needs are still needed in the workplace; however, they are ascribed new titles or entitlements. For example, infants need food; employees need a clean environment to enjoy said food. Another example: infants need sleep; employees need an hour daily for a break to do whatever they want. These needs have never left; they have just evolved. The career demands that one has available to them that are most desirable are the attributes the (s)he will seek. In these instances, it will be necessary to determine if a client is okay with where (s)he is at this junction of their life. If they are not, it will be essential to determine how career counseling and lifespan developmental theory can be influential in assisting with producing changes.
Wm D. Stinchcomb
Reference es
Branje, S.J.T., Van ieshout, C.F.M., & Gerris, J.R.M. (2007 . Extensive Five Personality development in Adolescence and adulthood. European Journal l of Personality, 21, 45-67.
Daniels, J. (1992). Empo brings homeless children through school counseling. Elementary School Guidance & Counseling, 27(2), 104-113.
Maslow, A.H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psych logical Review, 50, 370 396.
Newman, B. M., & Newman, P. R. (2012).Development thro gh life: a psychosocial approach (11th ed.). Belmont, CAMaslow’srth Cengage Learning.
Seeley, E. (1992). Human needs and consumer economics: The implications of Maslow’s heory of motivation for consumer expenditure patterns. Journal Of Socio-Economics, 2 (4), 303.
Syed, M., & M Lean, K. C. (2015). Understanding identity integration: Theoretical, methodological, and applied issues. Journal of Adolescenc , 47, 109-118. doi: 10. 016/j.a olescence.2015.09.005
Z nker, V. G. (2016). Career counseling: A holistic approach, 9th Edition. [VitalSource Bookshelf Online]. Retrieved from https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781305729759/